What Is a Bad Credit Score?
The definition of “bad credit” varies depending on which credit scoring system you are talking about. Since FICO 8 is the scoring model most widely used by lenders, we will focus on FICO when discussing the question of what is considered bad credit.
The FICO 8 credit scoring system assigns consumers a number to represent their creditworthiness, with the lowest credit score possible being 300 and the high end of the scale being 850.
A high credit score shows that lenders can be fairly confident that someone will repay debts because they have demonstrated responsible behavior when it comes to credit in the past.
A low credit score, on the other hand, means that someone represents a higher risk to lenders because they are thought to have a higher probability of defaulting on a loan.
According to Credit Karma, a FICO score between 300 to 579 is considered a poor credit score, while a fair credit score is between 580 and 669. In contrast, an excellent credit score is between 800 and 850.
Credit scores between 300 and 579 are considered poor credit.
What Gives You Bad Credit?
As we mentioned, a bad credit score means lenders perceive you as a high-risk borrower. Therefore, what causes bad credit is poor management of credit and risky behaviors that indicate you may have a higher probability of default.
For example, being late on payments or missing payments altogether can really hurt your credit because payment history is the most important factor of a credit score.
High credit card utilization can lead to bad credit. Photo by Natloans
What causes bad credit specifically? Here are some examples:
- Late or missed payments
- Defaulting on a loan
- Charge-offs
- Collections
- Judgments
- Settlements
- Bankruptcy
- Foreclosures or repossessions
- Maxed out or high-utilization credit cards
- Too many inquiries at one time
- Too much new credit
Sometimes people have bad credit because of things they can’t control, like having a medical emergency that leads to huge hospital bills that they can’t afford to pay. In fact, the majority of consumer debt in collections is medical debt, according to Magnify Money.
Bad Credit Loans
If you have bad credit, you’re likely going to have a hard time getting loans with favorable terms or getting approved for a loan at all. Since a bad credit score represents a high risk for the lender, loans for people with poor credit typically have higher interest rates and may require collateral or a down payment—if the lender is willing to approve the loan at all.
Personal Loans for Bad Credit
Payday loans can come with interest rates of up to 400%. Photo by Aliman Senai.
Personal loans for bad credit are few and far between. Usually, at least fair credit is needed to be considered for a loan. Bad credit loan lenders may charge very high interest rates since they are taking on a lot of risk by lending money to someone with poor credit. These higher interest rates may translate into thousands of dollars of additional interest payments over the term of a loan.
Very bad credit loans such as payday loans often have astronomical interest rates of up to 400%, which makes it nearly impossible for many consumers to get out of debt.
Bad Credit Car Loans
Bad credit auto loans, also known as subprime auto loans, are often considered “second-chance” loans because they are typically the next option for those who have been rejected for traditional auto loans. Although there is not necessarily an official dividing line between which credit scores are considered prime and subprime when it comes to auto loans, credit scores below 620 tend to be considered subprime.
Bad credit car loans can have triple or more the interest rate as prime auto loans. Photo by QuoteInspector.com.
Car loans for bad credit, similar to personal loans for bad credit, are associated with much higher costs than prime auto loans. Since lenders of second-chance auto loans are taking on additional risk, these loans often have significantly higher interest rates and more fees than auto loans for consumers with good credit. Additionally, car loans for bad credit may come with penalties for paying off the loan early.
According to Investopedia, “While there is no official subprime auto loan rate, it is generally at least triple the prime loan rate, and can even be five times higher.”
Credit Cards for Bad Credit
If you have bad credit, your options for getting a credit card will be limited, and you will most likely not be able to get the perks associated with premium credit cards, like low interest rates, high credit limits, and rewards. Credit cards for poor credit may also have annual or even monthly fees.
Subprime credit cards often require you to make a deposit with the lender as collateral. These cards are known as secured credit cards since they are secured by your deposit, which the lender can keep if you fail to make payments on the card. Sometimes, the lender may be willing to switch you to an unsecured card after a period of on-time payments.
As we’ve seen with loans for bad credit, credit cards for bad credit, both secured and unsecured, will likely have high interest rates, sometimes as high as 30% or more.
How to Fix Bad Credit
Having bad credit is expensive. It makes getting any kind of credit more difficult and more costly, because bad credit lenders tack on high interest rates and fees to compensate for the higher financial risk of poor credit loans.
Bad credit doesn’t just dramatically increase the cost of credit. It can also affect other aspects of your life, such as your insurance premiums, your ability to find housing, and even your job, since many employers now check prospective employees’ credit scores. Therefore, most people with bad credit want to fix it as soon as possible.
Improving bad credit takes time and patience. While credit repair companies may claim to have tactics that can boost your credit fast, the reality is that these tactics are usually limited to removing inaccurate information from your credit report. If you remove everything from your credit report, what are you left with?
Rebuilding credit with positive credit history helps to fix bad credit.
The best way to fix bad credit is to rebuild it with positive credit history over time. In other words, you need to add more positive accounts to your credit profile and keep them in good standing while they age. At certain age levels, these accounts should begin to boost your credit profile with all that positive payment history.
Generally, though, building credit through opening new accounts can take at least two years to see much of a positive effect. The best way we have seen to bypass this period is by piggybacking on the good credit of others.
Otherwise, repairing bad credit requires demonstrating that you can use credit responsibly by building up a positive credit history over time.